二、原文、注释、语译及中译英 Original Text，Notes，Modern Chinese Translation，and English Translation

【原文】Original Text

黄帝问于少师曰：余闻人之生也，有刚有柔，有弱有强，有短有长，有阴有阳，愿闻其方。少师答曰：阴中有阴，阳中有阳，审知阴阳，刺之有方，得病所始，刺之有理，谨度病端，与时相应，内合于五脏六腑，外合于筋骨皮肤。是故内有阴阳，外亦有阴阳。在内者，五脏为阴，六腑为阳；在外者，筋骨为阴，皮肤为阳。故曰病在阴之阴者，刺阴之荥输；病在阳之阳者，刺阳之合；病在阳之阴者，刺阴之经，病在阴之阳者，刺络脉。故曰病在阳者命曰风，病在阴者命曰痹，阴阳俱病命曰风痹。病有形而不痛者，阳之类也；无形而痛者，阴之类也。无形而痛者，其阳完而阴伤之也，急治其阴，无攻其阳；有形而不痛者，其阴完而阳伤之也，急治其阳，无攻其阴。阴阳俱动，乍有形，乍无形，加以烦心，命曰阴胜其阳，此谓不表不里，其形不久。

黄帝问于伯高曰：余闻形气，病之先后，外内之应奈何？伯高答曰：风寒伤形，忧恐忿怒伤气；气伤脏，乃病脏；寒伤形，乃应形；风伤筋脉，筋脉乃应。此形气外内之相应也。

黄帝曰：刺之奈何？伯高答曰：病九日者，三刺而已。病一月者，十刺而已。多少远近，以此衰之。久痹不去身者，视其血络，尽出其血。黄帝曰：外内之病，难易之治奈何？伯高答曰：形先病而未入脏者，刺之半其日；脏先病而形乃应者，刺之倍其日。此月内难易之应也。

黄帝问于伯高曰：余闻形有缓急，气有盛衰，骨有大小，肉有坚脆，皮有厚薄，其以立寿夭奈何？伯高答曰：形与气相任则寿，不相任则夭。皮与肉相果则寿，不相果则夭，血气经络，胜形则寿，不胜形则夭。黄帝曰：何谓形之缓急？伯高答曰：形充而皮肤缓者则寿，形充而皮肤急者则夭。形充而脉坚大者顺也，形充而脉小以弱者气衰，衰则危矣。若形充而颧不起者骨小，骨小则夭矣。形充而大肉䐃坚而有分者肉坚，肉坚则寿矣；形充而大肉无分理不坚者肉脆，肉脆则夭矣。此天之生命，所以立形定气而视寿夭者。必明乎此，立形定气，而后以临病人，决死生。

黄帝曰：余闻寿夭，无以度之。伯高答曰：墙基卑，高不及其地者，不满三十而死；其有因加疾者，不及二十而死也。

黄帝曰：形气之相胜，以立寿夭奈何？伯高答曰：平人而气胜形者寿；病而形肉脱，气胜形者死，形胜气者危矣。

黄帝曰：余闻刺有三变，何谓三变？伯高答曰：有刺营者，有刺卫者，有刺寒痹之留经者。黄帝曰：刺三变者奈何？伯高答曰：刺营者出血，刺卫者出气，刺寒痹者内热。

黄帝曰：营卫寒痹之为病奈何？伯高答曰：营之生病也，寒热少气，血上下行。卫之生病也，气痛时来时去，怫忾贲响，风寒客于肠胃之中。寒痹之为病也，留而不去，时痛而皮不仁。

黄帝曰：刺寒痹内热奈何？伯高答曰：刺布衣者，以火焠之。刺大人者，以药熨之。

黄帝曰：药熨奈何？伯高答曰：用淳酒二十斤，蜀椒一斤，干姜一斤，桂心一斤，凡四种，皆㕮咀，渍酒中。用绵絮一斤，细白布四丈，并内酒中。置酒马矢煴中，盖封涂，勿使泄。五日五夜，出布绵絮，曝干之，干复渍，以尽其汁。每渍必晬其日，乃出干。干，并用滓与绵絮，复布为复巾，长六七尺，为六七巾。则用之生桑炭炙巾，以熨寒痹所刺之处，令热入至于病所，寒，复炙巾以熨之，三十遍而止。汗出，以巾拭身，亦三十遍而止。起步内中，无见风。每刺必熨，如此病已矣，此所谓内热也。

【注释】Notes

［1］少师：《甲乙》卷六第六作“岐伯”。

［2］刺之有方：方，方法、准则。指以阴阳作为针刺时的内在法度。

［3］病端：病因。

［4］阴之荥输：阴，手足三阴经。荥输，荥穴和输穴。阴经的荥、输穴。

［5］阳之合：阳经的合穴。

［6］阴之经：经，此为井、荥、输、经、合的经。手足三阴经的经穴。

［7］病有形而不痛者：疾病有外在形体的症状而没有内脏疼痛的感觉。

［8］阳完而阴伤之也：完，完好无损。指阳分无病而阴分受损伤。

［9］阴阳俱动：动，变化，指异常。阴阳都出现病患。

［10］形气：形，外部形体。气，内部脏腑气机。

［11］三刺而已：已，痊愈。针刺三次就可痊愈。

［12］多少远近，以此衰之：衰，音催，等差的意思。病程的长短，针刺的次数，都以上述方法进行衡量。

［13］刺之半其日：针刺的次数是得病天数的一半。

［14］立寿夭：立：确定。确定人的寿命长短。

［15］相任：任，《说文》“：符也。相称，相对应的意思。”

［16］果：通“裹”。

［17］形充而大肉䐃坚而有分者肉坚：䐃，王冰“：肉之标也。此指肌肉丰满。分，分界。此指肌肉强健丰满，与周围界限明显。”

［18］天之生命：先天禀赋。

［19］墙基：《类经》三卷第十五注“墙基者，面部四旁骨骼也。地者，面部之肉也。”

［20］加疾：增加其他疾病。

［21］行：妄行。

［22］怫忾贲响：怫，音“弗”。《说文》“：怫，郁也。”忾，《说文》“：忾，太息也。”怫忾，杨上善注“：怫忾，气盛满貌。”贲响，杨上善注“：贲，谓膈也。”贲响当指胸膈肠胃部作响。整句为郁闷不舒，气逆肠鸣。

［23］以火焠之：焠，音翠，火灼之意。张介宾注“：以火焠之，即近世所用雷火针及艾、蒜、针灸之类。”

［24］马矢煴中：马矢，指马粪。煴，音“蕴”。《说文》“：煴，郁烟也。”郁烟，没有火焰的燃烧而产生出来的许多烟。

［25］晬：一周时，即一昼夜。

［26］复布为复巾：折叠白布成夹袋形状。

［27］起步内中，无见风：针刺后让患者在室内散步，使其气血运行，不可见风。凡此者皆所谓内热之法。

【语译】Modern Chinese Translation

黄帝问少师说：我听说由于人体的先天禀赋不同，形体有刚柔强弱的不同，身材有高有矮，生理病理变化也有阴阳之别，其中的道理是怎样的呢？

少师回答说：人体的阴阳不是绝对的，阴中有阳，阳中有阴，阴阳之中还可再分阴阳，分清阴阳的特性，针刺时才有内在法度。还必须辨明疾病的病因、发病与四时气候是否相应。各种病因在内与五脏六腑相应，在外与皮肉筋骨相合。因此人体内可分阴阳，外也可分阴阳，内外还可再分阴阳。例如人体内部五脏为阴，六腑为阳；人体外部，筋骨为阴，皮肤为阳，所以说病在阴中之阴的五脏，就应该针刺手足三阴经的荥穴和输穴；病在阳中之阳的皮肤，可以针刺阳经的合穴；病在阳中之阴的筋骨，应刺阴经的经穴；病在阴中之阳的六腑，应刺表浅的络脉。发病的特征也可以用阴阳来概括。病在阳分的，称作风，病在阴分的称作痹，阴分和阳分俱病的，称作风痹。有些疾病只有外在形体的症状而没有内脏疼痛的感觉，多属于阳证；有的病形态没有症状，却有内部疼痛的感觉，多属于阴证。没有形体的改变而有疼痛症状，说明阳无病而阴分受损伤，应急治阴分，不要损伤阳分；有形态的症状而没有内部脏腑疼痛的疾病，说明阴分完好而阳分受到损伤，应速治阳分，不要误治阴分。如果阴阳都出现病患，有时表现在形体，有时表现在内脏，再加有心中烦躁不安的感觉，这是阴病甚于阳病，即内部脏腑的疾病比外部形体的疾病严重，这说明阴阳俱病，比较难治，预后不佳。

黄帝问伯高说：我听说人的外部形体和内部脏腑气机的发病，其先后与内外相应的关系，又是怎么回事呢？

伯高回答说：风寒等外感之邪侵袭人体，首先伤及外部的形体；忧恐忿怒等七情所伤，必先影响内部脏腑气机，使内脏功能紊乱。寒邪伤及外部形体，就会使体表发病，风邪侵袭筋脉，就会使筋脉发病。这就是形气内外相应的关系。

黄帝说：如何针刺治疗呢？

伯高回答说：一般得病九天的，治疗三次可痊愈，得病一个月的，针刺十次可痊愈。得病时间的长短与所需针刺的次数，可用三天针一次的数率计算。若痹病日久，缠绵难愈的，应观察病人的血络，并刺破把恶血排除干净。

黄帝说：外因和内因所造成的疾病，有的难治，有的易治，情况又是怎样的呢？

伯高回答说：外邪伤害形体，而未伤及内脏的，针刺的次数可以减半。如果内脏先受病而又累及形体的，针刺的次数应为原来的一倍。这是根据病因病位不同，疾病治愈的难易程度也不同。

黄帝问伯高说：我听说人的形体有缓有急，气有盛有衰，骨骼有大有小，肌肉有坚有脆，皮肤有厚有薄，根据这些不同情况，如何确定人的寿命长短呢？

伯高说：形与气相称的寿命长，形与气不相称的寿命短。皮肤与肌肉相称的寿命长，不相称的寿命短。内部血气经络充盛于外部形体的寿命长，弱于外部形体的寿命短。

黄帝说：什么叫做形体的缓急？

伯高回答说：凡是形体充实、皮肤舒缓的，寿命长。形体充实而皮肤敛急的，寿命短。形体充实，脉象坚大的，内外俱强，为顺象；形体充实而脉象弱小无力的，是外实内衰，为危象。若形体虽然壮实而颧骨低小凹陷的是骨骼小，也容易夭折。形体充实而肌肉丰满发达，肉理分明的多长寿；形态虽充实而肌肉松软不坚、纹理不清楚的，多夭亡。以上都是人的先天禀赋不同，所以体质的强弱、寿命的长短也有区别，医生必须明白其中的内部联系，而后从事临床以决定病情的预后。

黄帝说：我听说人的寿命长短，很难预测。

伯高说：而部骨骼凸显，肌肉塌陷低平，不到30岁就会夭亡；若再加其他疾病，不满20岁就可能死亡。

黄帝说：形体与气脉的相称与否，与人的寿命长短关系又是如何呢？

伯高说：人的生死，以气为根，气盛则神全，健康人如果气盛于形体的则寿命长；若病到形损肉脱，即使气未衰，也要死亡。如果形体盛于气脉的，也是很危险的。

黄帝说：我听说针刺有三变，什么是三变呢？

伯高说：有刺营分的，有刺卫分的，有刺寒痹滞留经脉的。

黄帝说：这三种刺法是怎样的呢？

伯高说：针刺营分要使其出血；针刺卫分使其出气；针刺寒痹要留针使其产生热感以温经散寒。

黄帝说：营分、卫分、寒痹的病情如何？伯高说：营主血属阴，病在阴分，阴病则阳胜，故有寒热往来，邪在血中，血必上下妄行。卫主气属阳，病在卫分，故出现气痛，游移不定，郁闷不舒，气逆肠鸣的症状。这是由于风寒侵犯肠胃所致。寒痹是邪气停留于经络，所以有时疼痛甚或皮肤麻木不仁。

黄帝说：刺寒痹的纳热法如何呢？

伯高说：根据人的体质不同，纳热的方法也不同，对于平民百姓用艾灸或淬针法，对王公贵族要用药熨贴法。

黄帝说：如何用药熨贴呢？

伯高说：用醇酒二十升，蜀椒一升，干姜一斤，桂心一斤。以上药物，捣碎，浸在酒中，再用棉絮一斤，细白布四丈，同时浸在酒中，而后将酒盖好用泥密封，不使其漏气，放在燃烧的干马粪中煨，煨五天五夜，取出布和棉絮晒干，再浸入酒中，要把酒全部浸干，每次浸一昼夜时间，取出晒干，酒干后将布制成夹袋，长约六七尺，共做六七个，将药渣和棉絮放入其中，然后用生桑炭烤夹袋，烤热后熨贴寒痹针刺的部位，使热直达病所，凉了再烤，每次熨贴三十遍，直到身上出汗，出汗后就用夹袋擦汗，也是三十次，将汗液拭干，针刺后让患者在室内散步，使其气血运行，不可见风。这就是所说的纳热法。

【中译英】English Translation

Huangdi asked Shaoshi，“I have heard the constitution of human beings is either sturdy or soft and weak or strong，［the body is either］short or long，［and the physical portions and the pathological changes are either］Yin or Yang.I'd like to know the［needling］methods［used to treat diseases in light of such differences］.”

Shaoshi answered，“There is Yin within Yin and Yang within Yang.［Only when］Yin and Yang are differentiated［can］proper needling methods be selected.［Only when］the cause of disease is revealed［can］needling be reasonable.The cause of disease must be carefullystudied in accordance with climatic changes，［the state of］the Five Zang-Organs and Six Fu-Organs in the internal and［the state of］the sinews，bones and skin in the external.Thus in the internal there exist Yin and Yang and in the external there also exist Yin and Yang.In the internal，the Five Zang-Organs are Yin and the Six Fu-Organs are Yang；in the external，the sinews and bones are Yin and the skin is Yang.That is why it is said that the diseases located in［the region of］the Yin within Yin［can be treated by］needling the Ying-Spring［Acupoint located on］the Yin Channel，the diseases located in［the region of］the Yang within Yang［can be treated by］needling the He-Sea［Acupoint located on］the Yang Channel，the diseases located in［the region of］the Yin within Yang［can be treated by］needling Jing-River［Acupoint located on］the Yin Channel，and diseases located in［the region of］the Yang within Yin［can be treated by］needling the Collaterals.That is why it is said that the diseases located in Yang are called Feng（wind），the diseases located in Yin are called Bi（obstruction）and the diseases located in both Yin and Yang are called Fengbi（wind obstructive disease）.

Diseases with manifestations but without pain［are the diseases of］the Yang category and diseases without manifestations but with pain［are the diseases of］the Yin category.［The diseases］without manifestations but with pain［indicate that］Yang is normal but Yin is impaired.［This kind of diseases should be dealt with by means of］immediately treating Yin，avoiding attacking Yang.［The diseases］with manifestations but without pain［indicate that］Yin is normal but Yang is impaired.［This kind of diseases should be dealt with by means of］immediately treating Yang，avoiding attacking Yin.［If the disease is characterized by］involvement of both Yin and Yang，with manifestations，or without manifestations and dysphoria，it indicates that Yin dominates over Yang.Such a disease is neither external nor internal and death is impending.”

Huangdi asked Bogao，“I have heard of the sequence of the pathogenesis involving both the body and the activity of Qi inside the body.What is the relationship between the internal and the external［concerning such a pathogenesis］？”

Bogao answered，“Wind and cold damage the body while anxiety，fear and anger impair Qi.［Impairment of］Qi eventually affects the viscera and leads to visceral disorders.Cold damages the body and causes physical problems.Wind damages sinews and vessels and brings on disorders of sinews and vessels.These are the interactions between the body in the external and Qi in the internal.”

Huangdi asked，“How to use acupuncture［to treat such diseases］？”

Bogao answered，“［If the patient has been］ill for nine days，three times of needling can cure it；［if the patient has been］ill for one month，ten times of needling can cure it.This is the criterion［to decide］the times of needling according to the duration of disease.［If the disease has］lingered for a long time and is difficult to cure，［doctors should］inspect the vesseis［to find blood stasis］and prick it to let out blood.”

Huangdi asked，“Why some of the diseases［caused by］external and internal factors are easy to cure and some are difficult to cure？”

Bogao answered，“［To treat］the disease only involves the body and has not transmitted to the viscera，［the times of］needling is reduced by half.［To treat］the disease affects the viscera first and then involves the body，［the times of］needling should be doubled.These［are the ways to deal with］diseases difficult and easy to cure due to external and internal factors1.”

Huangdi asked Bogao，“I have heard that the physique is soft or rigid，Qi is either superabundant or deficient，the bones are either sturdy or brittle，and the skin is either thin or thick.Are these conditions have anything to do with life span？”

Bogao answered，“［If a person's］the physique is equivalent to Qi［inside his body，he will live］a long life；［If a person's］physique is not equivalent［to Qi inside his physique，he will live］a short life.［If a person's］skin and muscles are equivalent to each other，［he will live］a long life；［If a person's skin and muscles］are not equivalent to each other，［he will live］a short life.［If a person's］blood，Qi，Channels and Collaterals are stronger than the physique，［he will live］a long life；［If a person's blood，Qi，Channels and Collaterals］are not stronger than the physique，［he will live］a short life.”

Huangdi asked，“What do softness and rigidity of the physique mean？”

Bogao answered，“［If a person's］physique is substantial and the skin is soft，［he will live］a long life；［if a person's］physique is substantial and the skin is rigid，［he will live］a short life.［if a person's］physique is substantial and the vessels are large and sturdy，［it indicates］the tendency［of longevity］；［if a person's］physique is substantial and the vessels are small and weak，［it indicates］deficiency of Qi［which is a］critical sign.［If a person's］physique is substantial and the cheekbone is low，［it indicates that his］skeleton is small［and weak］.Small［and weak］skeleton is also a sign of short life.［If a person's］physique is substantial，major muscles and muscle converge are sturdy with obvious interstices，［it indicates that］the muscles are strong.Strong muscles［usually indicate］a long life.［If a person's］physique is substantial and the major muscles are sturdy with unclear interstices，［it means that］the muscles are brittle.Brittle muscles［usually indicate］a short life.This is the life［decided by］congenital constitution.That is why［a person's］life span can be told according to［the state of his］physique and［the condition of the］Qi［inside his body］.Only when the physique and Qi are clearly differentiated can［one correctly］diagnose patients and make an accurate prognosis.”

Huangdi said，“I have heard that it is difficult to measure long life and short life.”

Bogao answered，“［if a person's］facial bones are lower than facial muscles，［he will］die before thirty；［if he is also suffering from］other diseases，［he will］die before twenty.”

Huangdi asked，“Why the predominance of the physique and Qi can decide life span？”

Bogao answered，“［For a］healthy person，［if］Qi［inside his body］is stronger than his physique，［he will live］a long life.［For a］sick［person，if］Qi［inside his body］is stronger than his physique［because of］illness，［it is］a critical sign.”

Huangdi said，“I have heard of three changes in acupuncture.What are they？”

Bogao answered，“［These three changes in acupuncture are］needling Ying（Nutrient-Phase），needling Wei（Defense-Phase）and needling Hanbi（cold-obstruction Syndrome）in the Channels.”

Huangdi asked，“How to use these three methods［in treating diseases］？”

Bogao answered，“The Ying（Nutrient-Phase）is needled to let out blood；the Wei（Defense-Phase）is needled to discharge Qi and Hanbi（cold-obstruction Syndrome）is needled to induce heat inside.”

Huangdi asked，“What are the manifestations of the diseases［related to］Ying（Nutrient-Phase），Wei（Defense-Phase）and Hanbi（cold-obstruction Syndrome）？”

Bogao answered，“The disease of Ying（Nutrient-Phase）［is marked by］alternate heat and chills，shortness of breath and adverse flow of blood upwards and downwards；the disease of Wei（Defense-Phase）［is marked by］wandering pain［due to］Qi［disorder］，abdominal fullness，borborygmus，and retention of windcold in the intestines and stomach；the disease of Hanbi（cold-obstruction Syndrome）［is marked by］lingering［of cold and obstruction in the Channels］，occasional pain and numbness.”

Huangdi asked，“How［to treat］Hanbi（cold-obstruction Syndrome）［with the technique for inducing］heat inside？”

Bogao answered，“［This should be done according to the constitution of people.］Ordinary people can be needled with heated needles while great personages［should be treated by］needling followed by medicated ironing.”

Huangdi asked，“How to use medicated ironing？”

Bogao answered，“［The prescription is composed of］20 Sheng2of pure alcohol，1 Sheng of Sichuan pepper，1 Jin3of dried ginger and1 Jin of Guixin.［The four herbs］are bitten into pieces and soaked in the alcohol.1 Jin of cotton and4 Zhang of white cloth are put into the alcohol.The alcohol is then put into a jar which is sealed to prevent leakage and stewed by burning dry horse dung.After five days and five nights，the cloth and cotton are taken out and dried in the sun.［The dried cloth and cotton are then］soaked［in the alcohol］again till all the liquid is absorbed.Each time［the cloth and cotton are］soaked［in the alcohol］for a day and a night and then taken out to be dried in the sun.The dried cloth is made into six or seven bags of six or seven Chi4in length.The residues and cotton are put into［these bags which］are heated by mulberry charcoal.［The heated bags are］then used to iron the needled part［in treating］Hanbi（cold-obstruction Syndrome），directing warmth to reach the focus of disease.［When one bag becomes］cold，［it is］changed by another warm bag.［Altogether the needled part should be］ironed30 times.When sweat appears，the bags are used to clean the sweat for another30 times.［After such a treatment，the patient may］stand up and walk in the room，avoiding wind.After each time of needling，［the needled part］must be ironed.With such［a treatment，］the disease will eventually be cured.This is what internal heat［treatment］means.”

【注释】Notes

［1］The original Chinese characters for this part are Ci（此this）Yue（月month）Nei（内internal）Nan（难difficult）Yi（易 easy）Zhi（之 of）Ying（应correspondence）Ye（也a functional word）.However in some other editions，“月”（month）in this sentence“is 外”（external）.By analyzing the context，we have changed“月”（month）int“o外”（external）according to other editions which sound more reasonable.

［2］Sheng（升）is a unit of capacity.Ten spoonfuls make up one Ge（合）and Ten Ge（合）make up one Sheng（升）.

［3］Jin（斤）is a unit of weight in ancient China，equivalent to500g.

［4］Chi（尺）is a unit of length in ancient China，equivalent to1/3m.