二、原文、注释、语译及中译英 Original Text，Notes，Modern Chinese Translation，and English Translation

【原文】Original Text

凡刺之要，官针最妙。九针之宜，各有所为，长短大小，各有所施也，不得其用，病弗能移。疾浅针深，内伤良肉，皮肤为痈；病深针浅，病气不泻，支为大脓。病小针大，气泻太甚，疾必为害；病大针小，气不泄泻，亦复为败。失针之宜，大者泻，小者不移。已言其过，请言其所施。病在皮肤无常处者，取以镵针于病所，肤白勿取。病在分肉间，取以员针于病所。病在经络痼痹者，取以锋针。病在脉，气少当补之者，取以针于井荥分输。病为大脓者，取以铍针。病痹气暴发者，取以员利针。病痹气痛而不去者，取以毫针。病在中者，取以长针。病水肿不能通关节者，取以大针。病在五脏固居者，取以锋针，泻于井荥分输，取以四时。

凡刺有九，以应九变。一曰输刺，输刺者，刺诸经荥输脏腧也。二曰远道刺，远道刺者，病在上，取之下，刺腑腧也。三曰经刺，经刺者，刺大经之结络经分也。四曰络刺，络刺者，刺小络之血脉也。五曰分刺，分刺者，刺分肉之间也。六曰大泻刺，大泻刺者，刺大脓以铍针也。七曰毛刺，毛刺者，刺浮痹皮肤也。八曰巨刺，巨刺者，左取右，右取左。九曰焠刺，焠刺者，刺燔针则取痹也。

凡刺有十二节，以应十二经。一曰偶刺，偶刺者，以手直心若背，直痛所，一刺前，一刺后，以治心痹，刺此者傍针之也。二曰报刺，报刺者，刺痛无常处也，上下行者，直内无拔针，以左手随病所按之乃出针，复刺之也。三曰恢刺，恢刺者，直刺傍之，举之前后，恢筋急，以治筋痹也。四曰齐刺，齐刺者，直入一，傍入二，以治寒气小深者；或曰三刺，三刺者，治痹气小深者也。五曰扬刺，扬刺者，正内一，傍内四，而浮之，以治寒气之博大者也。六曰直针刺，直针刺者，引皮乃刺之，以治寒气之浅者也。七曰输刺，输刺者，直入直出，稀发针而深之，以治气盛而热者也。八曰短刺，短刺者，刺骨痹，稍摇而深之，致针骨所，以上下摩骨也。九曰浮刺，浮刺者，傍入而浮之，以治肌急而寒者也。十曰阴刺，阴刺者，左右率刺之，以治寒厥，中寒厥，取足踝后少阴也。十一曰傍针刺，傍针刺者，直刺傍刺各一，以治留痹久居者也。十二曰赞刺，赞刺者，直入直出，数发针而浅之出血，是谓治痈肿也。

脉之所居深不见者刺之，微内针而久留之，以致其空脉气也。脉浅者勿刺，按绝其脉乃刺之，无令精出，独出其邪气耳。所谓三刺则谷气出者，先浅刺绝皮，以出阳邪，再刺则阴邪出者，少益深，绝皮致肌肉，未入分肉间也；已入分肉之间，则谷气出。故《刺法》曰：始刺浅之，以逐邪气而来血气：后刺深之，以致阴气之邪；最后刺极深之，以下谷气。此之谓也。故用针者，不知年之所加，气之盛衰，虚实之所起，不可以为工也。

凡刺有五，以应五藏。一曰半刺，半刺者，浅内而疾发针，无针伤肉，如拔毛状，以取皮气，此肺之应也。二曰豹文刺，豹文刺者，左右前后针之，中脉为故，以取经络之血者，此心之应也。三曰关刺，关刺者，直刺左右，尽筋上，以取筋痹，慎无出血，此肝之应也，或曰渊刺，一曰岂刺。四曰合谷刺，合谷刺者，左右鸡足，针于分肉之间，以取肌痹，此脾之应也。五曰输刺，输刺者，直入直出，深内之至骨，以取骨痹，此肾之应也。

【注释】Notes

［1］官针：官，法也，公也。指大家公认的针具和操作方法。

［2］病弗能移：使用方法不对，疾病不能去除。

［3］内伤良肉，皮肤为痈：《类经》十九卷第四注“：内伤良肉，则血流于内而溃于外，故皮肤为痈。”

［4］支为大脓：《甲乙经》支作反，从之。

［5］分输：诸经腧穴。

［6］病痹气暴发者：痹证急性暴发。

［7］病在中者：《类经》十九卷第四注“：中者，言其远也。”

［8］脏腧：《类经》十九卷第五注“：脏输：背间之脏腑输也。”

［9］远道刺者……刺腑腧也：《类经》十九卷第五注“：府腧，谓足太阳膀胱经、足阳明胃经、足少阳胆经。十二经中，惟此三经最远，可以因下取上，故曰远道刺。”

［10］刺大经之结络经分：刺五脏六腑之大络。

［11］燔针：用火烧过的针。

［12］直：同“置”，放置。

［13］傍针：向两边斜刺。

［14］正内一，傍内四：正中刺入一针，周围刺入四针。

［15］稀发针而深之：穴位取得少，刺得深。

［16］致针骨所，以上下摩骨：使针体深入至骨骼，并上下提插以摩其骨。

［17］率：都。

［18］足踝后少阴：足内踝后面少阴经的太溪穴。

［19］按绝其脉乃刺之：此指针刺浅部的经脉，先按压血脉，然后在断流一方针刺，以免泄露精气。

［20］年之所加：指五运六气学说中的客气加临于主气的情况，每一年中，各有风寒暑湿燥火六气的加临期，依年份的不同而定。

［21］左右：《类经》十九卷第六注“：左右，四肢也。”

［22］尽筋上：《类经》十九卷第六注“：尽筋，即关节之处也。”

【语译】Modern Chinese Translation

针刺的要点，在于选用形态及大小合适的针具。九种针具各有不同的作用，适应范围也各不相同，根据针的长短、大小等特点，各有各的用处。若用的不合适，就不能去除疾病。病在浅表而刺得太深，则会损伤内部的肌肉，导致痈肿；病在深部而刺得太浅，不但病邪未除，反而会使邪气内陷形成大的脓疡。疾病轻浅而选大针去刺，会使元气外泻，加重疾病；疾病深重而选用小针去刺，邪气不能祛除，治疗也达不到效果。若选用不合适的针具，应用小针却误用了大针，就会损伤正气；应用大针却误用了小针，就不能祛除邪气。这里错用针具的害处已经说过了，让我再来说明各种针具的正常使用方法。

病在皮肤而没有固定位置，可以选用镵针对病变部位进行针刺，如果皮肤苍白者，就不要针刺了。病在分肉之间的，用员针针刺病变部位。病在经络，日久成痹的，应选用锋针治疗。病在经脉兼有气虚的，采用补法，用针取各经井、荥等腧穴治疗。对于严重脓疡的病症，应当用铍针针刺排脓。对痹症急性发作的，应取员利针治疗。对痹症日久疼痛不止的，可以选用毫针治疗。病位深，邪气内陷，选用长针治疗。因水肿而关节不通利的，选用大针治疗。病在五脏，邪气久留难去的，选用锋针，并依据腧穴与四时季节的关系，用泻法进行针刺。

针刺的方法分为9种，以适应九种不同的病变。第一种叫做输刺，输刺是针刺各经四肢部位的荥穴和输穴，以及分布在背部的脏腑俞穴。第二种叫做远道刺，是病位在上部的，针刺下肢足三阳经的腧穴。第三种叫做经刺，是针刺发病的大经结络部分。第四种叫做络刺，是点刺皮肤表浅部位的小络脉，使其出血。第五种叫做分刺，是针刺肌肉的间隙。第六种叫做大泻刺，是用铍针针刺痈肿，排泄脓液。第七种叫做毛刺，是针刺位于皮肤浅表的痹症。第八种叫做巨刺，病在左侧针刺右侧腧穴，病在右侧针刺左侧腧穴。第九种叫做焠刺，焠刺是用火针治疗痹症。

针刺有12种方法，以适应十二经的病变，第一种叫做偶刺，偶刺是在胸前和背后，当痛处下针，一针在前胸，一针在后背，用来治疗心痹病，针刺的时候，针尖要斜向两边，以免刺伤内脏。第二种叫报刺，报刺是针刺痛无定处的疾病，针刺时，垂直进针，并以左手寻按另外的痛处，再连续拔针进针。第三种叫恢刺，是用提插的手法，向周围恢阔直刺筋脉拘急部位，以舒通气机，用来治疗筋痹病。第四种叫齐刺，是在病变部位正中直刺一针，左右两边各刺一针，三针同刺用来治疗痹症邪小而深的。第五种叫扬刺，是在病变正中直刺一针，在病变周围针刺四针，用浮浅刺法，治疗寒气广泛的疾病。第六种叫直针刺，用手捏起皮肤，将针沿皮直刺，治疗寒气较浅的疾病。第七种叫输刺，是将针直入直出，选穴少深度大而留针久，治疗气盛而热邪重的疾病。第八种叫短刺，用来治疗骨痹病，手法是缓慢进针，并轻轻摇动针体，深入至骨，上下提插，与骨摩擦。第九种叫浮刺，是在病变部位的旁边浮浅斜刺，用来治疗肌肉拘挛而属于寒性疾病。第十种叫阴刺，是指刺足内踝后少阴经的太溪穴，左右两足都刺，用来治疗寒厥证。第十一种叫傍针刺，是发病部位针刺一针，再取旁边刺一针，直刺傍刺各一针，用来治疗邪气羁留病程较长的留痹病。第十二种叫赞刺，是针刺时直入直出，快速点刺出血，用来治疗痈疡类疾病。

经脉位置较深而不显露于外的，进针时要轻微，留针时间要长，以疏导经气。经脉位置较浅而浮现于皮肤的不要急刺，先要按压断绝经脉气血，再针刺，以避免精气外泄，单独排出邪气。所谓三刺则谷气出的针法，是先浅刺进入皮肤，以泄阳分邪气；再稍深针刺，穿过皮肤接近肌肉，以排阴分邪气；最后进针到分肉间，使谷气疏通，所以《刺法》说：开始浅刺以驱逐肌表邪气，而使血气来复；而后深刺以泻邪气，最后深刺到达分肉间而疏导谷气，这就是所说的三刺法。所以说用针的人，若不了解每年五运六气变化，不懂得客气加临于主气的情况，以及人体阴阳盛衰虚实的变化，就不能称为一个好医生。

还有5种刺法，与五脏疾病相对应。第一种叫半刺，是针刺表浅出针很快的一种方法，不刺伤肌肉，就像拔毫毛那样，可以祛除皮肤表浅部的邪气，肺主皮毛，所以半刺法与肺相应。第二种叫豹文刺，如同豹的斑纹一样，在病变部位的前后左右点刺，以刺中血脉使之出血，心主血脉，所以这种刺法与心相应。第三种叫关刺，关刺是针刺四肢关节的部位，用来治疗筋痹，注意针刺不要出血，肝主筋，故与肝相应，也称渊刺，又叫岂刺。第四种刺法叫合谷刺，是进针到分肉之间，左右各斜刺一针，状如鸡足，用来治疗肌痹，脾主肌肉，故与脾相应。第五种叫输刺，针体直入直出，直达骨部，用来治疗骨痹，肾主骨，故与肾相应。

【中译英】English Translation

The key of needling lies in［the reasonable application of］the needles.The nine［kinds of］needles have different usages.［They are］either long，or short，or large，or small.They are used for different purposes.Wrong use of them cannot cure diseases.Deep［insertion of］the needle［in treating］superficial diseases will damage muscles and cause skin abscess.Shallow［insertion of］the needle［in treating］deeply［located］diseases will，instead of expelling Xieqi（Evil-Qi），cause suppurative ulcer.［Theuse of］large needle［in treating］mild diseases will excessively reduce Qi and worsen the disease.［The use of］small needle［in treating］severe disease cannot expel Xieqi（Evil-Qi）and cure the disease.The wrong use of needle may reduce［Healthy-Qi if］large［needle is needed but small one is used］and fail to cure disease［if］small［needle is needed but large one is used］.The above mentioned is the wrong use of needles.Now let me talk about the proper use of needles.

The disease in the skin without fixed location1［can be treated by inserting］sagittate needle into the focus of disease.［If］the skin is whitish，［the sagittate needle］cannot be used2.The disease in the muscular interstices［can be treated by］pressing the affected part with roundpointed needle.The obstinate disease in the Channels due to stagnation［can be treated by］sharp needle.The disease in the Channel with Qi deficiency that should be treated by tonifying［therapy can be treated by］using the arrowshaped needle to press the Jing-Well and Ying-Spring［Acupoints located on each Channel］.Purulent ulcers［can be treated by］using the sword-shaped needle.The Bi-Syndrome［can be treated by］using the round-sharp needle.The painful and obstinate Bi-Syndrome［can be treated by］using the filiformneedle.The disease in the interior3［can be treated by］using the long needle.Edema［that causes］swollen joints［can be treated by］using the large needle.The disease in the Five Zang-Organs［in which the pathogenic factor do not move can be treated by］using the sharp needle and reducing［techniques according to the relationships between］the four seasons and the Jing-Well and Ying-Spring［Acupoints on each Channel］.

There are nine ways of needling to deal with the nine［kinds of pathological］changes.The first is called Shuci which means to needle the Ying-Spring and Shu-Stream［Acupoints located on］each Channel4.The second is Yuandaoci5which means to treat the disease in the upper［part of the body by］needling［the Acupoints located on］the lower6［part of the body］.The third is called Jingci which means to puncture that part of the large Channe17that connects with the Collateral8.The four is called Luoci which means to puncture the small Collaterals to let out blood.The fifth is called Fenci which means to puncture the part between muscles9.The sixth is called Daxieci which means to puncture［the part affected by］purulent ulcers with the sword-shaped needle.The seventh is called Maoci which means to puncture the skin［beneath which there is］floating Bi-Syndrome.The eighth is called Juci which means to［treat the disease in］the left［part of the body］by needling［the Acupoints located on］the right［part of the body］and［to treat the disease in］the right［part of the body］by needling［the Acupoints located on］the left［part of the body］.The ninth is called Cuici which means to use heated needle to treat Bi-Syndrome.

Altogether there are twelve methods of needle to correspond to the twelve Channels.The first is called Ouci（corresponding needling）which means to use hand to press the front and back where there is pain.［In this treatment，］one［needle is used to］puncture the front and the other［is used to］puncture the back.［Such a treatment］is used to treat Xinbi（Bi-Syndrome of the heart）.In this treatment the needle is inserted obliquely to both sides［in order to avoid damaging the internal organs］.The second is called Baoci（repeated needling）which means to use acupuncture［to treat the disease characterized by］pain without definite location and wandering upwards and downwards.The needle is inserted perpendicularly.The left hand presses the tenderness and the needle is inserted repeatedly.The third is called Huici（extended needling）which means to insert the needles［around the spasm of muscles］.［The needles are］lifted and thrusted forwards or backwards to relax muscles and treat Jinbi10（Bi-Syndrome of tendons）.The fourth is called Qici11which means to insert one needle perpendicularly［into the affected part］and two more beside to treat cold disease with small scale and deep penetration of Qi（pathogenic factor）12.［Such a treatment］is also called Sanci（triple needling）which is used to treat Bi-Syndrome with small scale and deep penetration of Qi（pathogenic factor）.The fifth is called Yangci（scattered needling）13which means to insert one needle first into the centre［of the affected part］and then four more around.［The needles are inserted］shallowly to treat cold disease that involves a large region.The sixth is called Zhizhenci14（direct needling）which means to pinch the muscle and insert the needle into it15.［This way of needling is used］to treat cold disease with shallow location.The seventh is called Shucitr（ansmitted needling）16which means to insert and withdraw the needle perpendicularly.Usually fewer Acupoints are selected and punctured deeply17.［This way of needling is used］to treat［the disease marked by］superabundance of Qi and severity of heat.The eighth is called Duanci（gradual needling）18which，used to treat Gubi（Bi-Syndrome of bone）19，means to insert the needle deep onto the bone，slightly shake the needle and deepen the insertion till the needlereaches the bone.［Then the needle is］manipulated upwards and downwards to rub the bone.The ninth is called Fuci（floating needling）20which means to insert the needle superficially beside［the affected part in order］to treat cold spasm of muscles.The tenth is called Yinci（Yin needling）21which means to needle both the right and left sides to treat Hanjue（interior superabundance of cold）22.［To treat］Hanjue，［the Acupoint called Taixi（KI3）on］the Shaoyin［Channel on］the ankle［of both feet］can be needled.［Since this Acupoint is located on］the Yin［Channel，it is called Yin needling］.The eleventh is called Pangzhenci（adjacent needling）which means to insert one［needle perpendicularly into the centre of the affected part］and the other［needle is inserted］nearby23.［Such a way of needling is used］to treat fixed and obstinate Bi-Syndrome.The twelfth is called Zangci（supplemental needling）24which means to insert and withdraw the needle perpendicularly.Usually several needles are inserted superficially to let out blood.［Such a way of needling is used］to treat carbuncles and swellings.

［If］the Channels are located deep and invisible，the needles should be inserted lightly and retained for a longer period of time in order to conduct［the flow of］Channel-Qi25.Deep located Channels should not be punctured rapidly.The Channel is pressed first and then needled.［Cares should be taken］not to discharge Essence，but just eliminate Xieqi（Evil-Qi) .［The needling method］known as triple needling for inducing Guqi（Food-Qi）26means to puncture the skin first to dissipate Yangxie（Yang-Evil）；then puncture［a little deeper］into the muscles without reaching the muscular interstice in order to remove Yinxie（Yin-Evil）；and finally deepen the needle into the muscular interstice to conduct Guqi（Food-Qi）.That is why［the book entitled］Needling Methods says，“Shallow needling is used at first to expel Xieqi（Evil-Qi）and promote blood circulation；deep needling is then used to discharge Pathogenic factor from the Yin phase；and extreme deep needling finally is used to conduct Guqi（Food-Qi）.”The reason is just like what is mentioned above.So acupuncturists who are unaware of annual occurrence［of six climatic changes］27，the predominance and decline of Qi as well as the corresponding Xu（Deficiency）and Shi（Excess）state［of the viscera］cannot practice medicine.

There are five needling methods to correspond to the five Zang-Organs.The first one is called Banci（half needling）28which means to insert needle superficially and withdraw the needle quickly without damaging the muscles.［This way of needling］，just like pulling body hair，is used to expel Qi29from the skin.The second one is called Baowenci（leopard spot needling）30which means［to insert the needles into］the left，the right，the anterior and posterior［regions around the affected part］.［In such a treatment the needles must be］inserted into the Channels for the purpose of bloodletting.Such a treatment corresponds to the heart.The third one is called Guanci（joint needling）31which means to directly needle the joints in the four limbs32and the distal part of tendons to treat Jinbi（Bi-Syndrome of tendons）.Cares［should be taken］to avoid bleeding.Such a treatment corresponds to the liver.It is also called Yuanci and Qici.The fourth one is called Heguci（tri-directional needling）33which，appearing like the talon of a chicken，means to insert the needle deep into the muscular interstices to treat Jibi（Bi-Syndrome of muscle）34.Such a treatment corresponds to the spleen.The fifth one is called Shuci（transmitted needling）which means to insert and withdraw the needle perpendicularly.［The needle is］inserted deep onto the bone to treat Gubi（Bi-Syndrome of bone）.Such a treatment corresponds to the kidney.

【注释】Notes

［1］The note in the twenty-second volume of theTaisu（《太素》）says，“The disease in the skin without fixed location indicates that Yangqi is exuberant.”

［2］The note in the twenty-second volume of the Taisu（《太素》）says，“The skin of the affected part with pain should appear red.If it appears whitish，it indicates that the pain is fixed.That is why the sagittate needle cannot be used.”

［3］The fourth note in the nineteenth volume of theTaisu（《太素》）says，“‘ Interior' means distal.”

［4］The fifth note in the nineteenth volume of theTaisu（《太素》）says，“Among the Jing-Well and Ying-Spring Acupoints，all the Jing-Well，Ying-Spring，Jing-River and He-Sea Acupoints belong to the category of the Shu Acupoint.The Shu Acupoints of the Zang-Organs refers to the Shu Acupoints of the Zang-Organs and Fu-Organs located on the back.”

［5］Zhang Jiebin（张介宾）in the Ming Dynasty said，“Fu-Organ Channels refer to the Bladder Channel of Foot-Taiyang，the Stomach Channel of Foot-Yangming，the Bladder Channel of Foot-Shaoyang.Among the twelve regular Channels，these three arethe most distal ones and thus can be selected to treat diseases located on the upper part of the body.That is why it is called distal needling.”

［6］The“ lower”here refers to the Acupoints of the three Yang Channels of the foot located on the lower limbs.

［7］Zhang Zhicong（张志聪）said，“The large Channel refers to the large Collaterals of the Five Zang-Organs and the Six Fu-Organs.When pathogenic factor attack the surface of the body，it invades the minute Collaterals and maintain If it is not removed in time，it will cause blockage and flow into the large Collaterals，eventually leading to disease.That is why the part that connects the large Collaterals and the minute Collaterals should be punctured.”Another explanation is that the large Channel refers to the twelve regular Channels.

［8］The original Chinese for this part is Jie（结connect）Luo（络Collateral）.Some scholars hold that these two Chinese characters mean stagnation between the Channels and Collaterals.

［9］Zhang Jiebin（张介宾）in the Ming Dynasty said，“The purpose of puncturing the part between the muscles is to remove the Xieqi（Evil-Qi）in the muscles.”

［10］Jinbi（筋痹）：In the Fifty-five Chapter of Suwen，it says that“ Jinbi refers to the disease in the tendons which causes spasm of tendons and difficulty of tendons to move.”

［11］Zhang Zhicong（张志聪）said that“ Yangci means to insert one needle into the centre first and then insert four needles around the centre of the affected part.

［12］Qi（气）here refers to pathogenic factor which is traditionally called Xieqi（邪气Evil-Qi）or Bingxie（病邪 Morbid-Qi）in traditional Chinese medicine.Sometimes in the classics like Huangdi Neijing（《黄帝内经》Yellow Emperor's Canon of Medicine），Xieqi（邪气 Evil-Qi）or Bingxie（病邪 Morbid-Qi）is also simply called Qi（气）which can be well understood as Xieqi（Evil-Qi）according to the context.

［13］Yangci（扬刺）：Zhang Zhicong（张志聪）said that“Yangci means to insert the centre of the affected part first and then the areas around.”

［14］Zhizhenci（直针刺direct needling）：The fifth note in the nineteen volume of Leijing（《类经》）says that“Zhi（直direct）means to insert the needle perpendicularly without any deviation.”

［15］The fifth note in the nineteen volume of Leijing《类经》）says that“ When the muscle is pinched to needle，the needle cannot be inserted deeply.”

［16］Shuci（输刺）：The fifth note in the nineteen volume of Leijin（《类经》）says，“Shu（输）means to transmit.That is to discharge Xieqi（Evil-Qi）.It is different from Ying-Spring and Shu-Stream Acupoints mentioned above.”

［17］The fifth note in the nineteen volume of Leijing（《类经》）says，“When inserted and withdrawn perpendicularly，the needle will appear sharp.Since fewer Acupoints are punctured and the needles are retained for a longer period of time，exuberant heat can be cleared away.”

［18］Duanci（短刺）：Literally Du（短）means short and Ci（刺）means needling.But Duanci（短刺）does not mean short needling.In fact Duan（短）here means gradual insertion of the needle as described in the fifth note in the nineteen volume of Leijing（《类经》）.

［19］Gubi（骨痹）：In the Fifty-five Chapter of Suwen it says，“Gubi is a disease characterized by heaviness of the bone，severe pain of bone deep into the marrow and retention of cold.”

［20］Fuci（浮刺）：It refers to a kind of oblique and shallow needling.

［21］Yinci（阴刺）：It refers to a needling method in which the Acupoints located on both sides are selected and needled.

［22］Hanjue（寒厥）：Jue（厥）orJuezheng（厥证）in the classics of traditional Chinese medicine usually means three different things：①sudden syncope or unconsciousness；②coldness of the four limbs；③severe case of frequent urination.Hanjue（寒厥）in this chapter refers to a cold Syndrome marked by cold hands and feet，aversion to cold and diarrhea with undigested food in it due to Yang deficiency and Yin excess.

［23］The fifth note in the nineteen volume of Leijing（《类经》）says，“The first needle is used to puncture the Channel and the second needle is used to puncture the Collateral.That is why it can cure Bi-Syndrome that is chronic and fixed.”

［24］Zanci（赞刺）：The fifth note in the nineteen volume of Leijng（《类经》）says，“Zan（赞）means to supplement.Several needles are inserted superficially in order to supplement each other.That is why it canbe used to cure carbuncles and swellings through bloodletting.”Another explanation is that Zang（赞）means penetration.

［25］The sixth note in the nineteen volume of Leijing《类经》）says.“When inserted deep into the Acupoints，the needles should also be inserted lightly.Otherwise it may damage Zhengqi（正气Healthy-Qi）.That is why the needle should be retained to conduct the Channel-Qi to move upwards.”

［26］Guqi（谷气）：The sixth note in the nineteen volume of Leijin《类经》）says，“Guqi（谷气Food-Qi）means Zhengqi（正气Healthy-Qi），also called Shenqi（神气 Spirit-Qi）.”

［27］According to the theory of Five Motions and Six Climatic Changes（五运六气），wind，cold，summerheat，dampness，dryness and fire occur regularly in a year.These six climatic changes in a year is one of the important factors responsible for the changes of weather in a year.

［28］Banci（半刺），literally meaning half needling，refers to the method that insert the needle superficially but withdraw it immediately.

［29］Qi here refers to Xieqi（邪气Evil-Qi）.

［30］Baowenci（豹纹刺）means to insert more needles into the affected，the distribution of which appears like the spots of a leopard.Yang Shangshan（杨上善）in the Sui Dynasty said，“The needles are inserted into the right，left，back and front sides of the affected part.That is why it is called leopard spot needling.”

［31］Guanci（关刺）：The sixth note in the nineteen volume of Leijing《类经》）says，“Guan（关）means point.”So Guanci（关刺）means to needle the region around the joint.

［32］The original Chinese characters for this part are Zhi（直direct）Ci（刺punture）Zuo（左left）You（右right）.The sixth note in the nineteen volume of Leijing（《类经》）says，“Zuo（左left）and You（右right）refer to the four limbs.”

［33］Heguci（合谷刺）：The note in the twenty-two volume of Taisu《太素》）says，“The needles are inserted into the muscular interstices in the form of a chicken talon to connect the Qi between the muscular interstices.That is why it is so named.”

［34］Jibi（肌痹）：The note in the twenty-two volume of Taisu《太素》）says，“Jibi（Bi-Syndrome of muscle）is caused by invasion of pathogenic cold and dampness into the muscles.”