第1章 句子成分以及简单句

一、谓语

谓语是一个句子的灵魂,是最重要的成分。

Stand up. Sit down. Come on. 这类句子叫祈使句。它们没有主语、宾语,只有谓语动词,仍然可以被称为句子。但如果一句话中没有谓语动词,那一定是错的。掌握谓语动词对我们翻译句子、理解句子含义尤其是长难句,具有关键的作用。

这就引出了一个问题:如何判断一个动词是否是谓语动词呢?

实际上,在英语句子中,谓语动词变化丰富,尤其在时态和语态上,这就导致在实操当中,很难用清晰的规则来判断。

一句话中必须要有谓语动词,否则就不算句子。

所以我们不妨试试真经派的逆向思维:“排除法”。

“排除法”是指:只要一句话里的动词满足下面这3种情况中任意一种,那么这个动词就不是谓语,否则就是谓语。

1. 动词前面有个to

to take,这里take前有to,所以它不是谓语。

2. 动词加了ing且前边没有be动词

students studying at home中studying不是谓语。

3. 动词ed形式,翻译成被动且前边没有be动词

animals killed by people中killed不是谓语。

要格外注意的是:动词的被动有“谓语和非谓语”两种形式。谓语动词形式中必须出现be,相反,非谓语动词形式必须省略be。

对比:

请大家运用以上规则,找出下列句子中的谓语动词和非谓语动词。

1. The Chinese government wants to find new ways to tackle this problem.

2. Seeing something in person allows us to notice details.

3. History written by winners contains bias.

4. Unemployment has caused many people to move to other countries in search of better careers.

5. We are wearing the same clothes made by him.

6. A lot of students don't want to study maths in college.

7. Robots are tailored to meet different needs.

8. I must find the ring given by my grandmother.

非谓语动词在句子中除了不可以充当谓语,其他成分几乎都可以充当。

比如,它可以充当一句话的主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语等。

解析

1. The Chinese government wants to find new ways to tackle this problem.

动词:want,find,tackle

用排除法,want是谓语动词。

to find满足“排除法”中的第1种情况,不是谓语。

to tackle同上,不是谓语。

2. Seeing something in person allows us to notice details.

动词:seeing,allow,notice

seeing满足“排除法”中的第2种情况,不是谓语。

allow是谓语动词。

to notice不是谓语。

3. History written by winners contains bias.

动词:written,contains

written满足“排除法”中的第3种情况,不是谓语。

contains是谓语动词。

4. Unemployment has caused many people to move to other countries in search of better careers.

动词:has,cause,move

has没有单词意义,和caused共同构成谓语,也就是说has caused算一个谓语,其中has是助动词。

move前有to,不是谓语。

5. We are wearing the same clothes made by him.

动词:are,wearing,made

are没有单词意义,和wearing共同构成谓语。其中are wearing算一个谓语,are是助动词。

made满足“排除法”中的第3种情况,不是谓语。

6. A lot of students don’t want to study maths in college.

don’t want中do没有单词意义,是助动词,don’t want算一个谓语。

to study不是谓语。

7. Robots are tailored to meet different needs.

are tailored中are没有单词意义,是助动词,are tailored算一个谓语。

to meet不是谓语。

8. I must find the ring given by my grandmother.

must find中must是情态动词,传递说话者的主观看法和语气,must find算一个谓语。

given不是谓语。

在英文中有一类词,本身没有实际的“单词意义”,只是帮助动词共同构成谓语。这类词叫助动词。如I do not know. 中do没有单词意义,do帮助know构成谓语,是个助动词。

除了must,

常见的情态动词还有:can,may,will,could,would,should,might,shall。

这类词有单词意义,但用法和助动词很像,也叫半助动词。

例如:

My daughter can sing English song.

We must stay at home.

You should wear a mask.

The government could not stop the virus from spreading.

小结

英语中常见的助动词主要有三种:have,do,be动词。

它们没有单词意义,协助动词构成一种时态或者被动语态,或构成对句子的否定。

She has sent them to staywith their cousins.

has助动词 构成完成时态

We are wearing the same clothes made by him.

are助动词 构成现在进行时

History is written by winners.

is助动词 构成被动语态

I don’t know his name.

do助动词 构成否定