三 基本概念与研究方法
1.基本概念
“贵族”和“城邦政治”是本书使用的两个主要术语。就“贵族”而言，这是一个相对于“平民”的概念。他们从其祖先那里继承了“出身高贵”“品格高尚”，以及“体态优美”等特质，而其祖先又通常与荷马史诗中的某一个英雄甚至是神话人物相联系。由于他们拥有颇具名望的祖先和共同的价值体系，彼此间相互交往甚至是通婚，因此通常被同胞视为独特的身份集团。他们以其本身所具有的基本权利和对运动竞赛的追求区别于其他阶层，不从事贬低身份的职业，如以赚钱为目的的手工业和商业。[77]在法律地位上，在梭伦改革之前法律上有明确的规定，比如出身和财富，梭伦改革时将其变为财富。在公元前457年，因为执政官开始向第三等级的公民开放，虽然贵族的重要性进一步降低，但等级依然存在，平民（demos）仍有贬义。希腊作家通常使用“有用者”“有价值者”（chrestoi）、“最好者”（beltistoi）、“有权势者”（dynatoi）、“有名望者”（gnorimoi）、“出身高贵者”（gennaioi）指代他们，但可能最为普遍和最具描述性的词语是“英俊且高贵的人”（hoikaloi k′agathoi[78]）。从某种程度上讲，“贵族”与近现代学者所经常使用的“精英”“有产者”以及“富有者”，既有联系，又有所区别。“贵族”侧重于血统及其特有的价值观念；“精英”侧重于社会地位[79];“有产者”侧重于财产的拥有，尤其是对于土地财富的占有；“富有者”侧重于强调其占有更多的财富，而这些财富并不一定都来自土地。在这些术语中，“精英”的内涵较之于其他术语似乎更具广泛性，例如，亚里士多德在分析民众与精英的关系时曾强调精英以其财富（ploutos）、高贵出身（eugeneia）、卓越（arete）和文化教育（paideia）而著称。[80]在本书中，笔者并不严格区分“贵族”与“精英”，但对于“贵族”的概念使用得更多。
就“城邦政治”而言，希腊世界除少数地区外，几乎所有城邦的政治体制都是直接参与式的，即城邦的全体公民直接参与城邦事务管理，在政治上具有一定程度的公开性与民主性。在分析雅典政治时，芬利指出有四点特征是值得注意的：它是直接民主；空间的狭小；公民大会是这一制度的王冠，拥有做出决议的权力；公民大会通常是几千人的露天聚会，其心理和行动原则都与近代世界的内阁或代议制议会不同。除此之外，政治家缺少现代意义上的政党支持，其主张是否被采纳是由其演说能力决定的，看其演说能否获得足够的支持。[81]除芬利以上所提及的内容外，雅典城邦政治的另一个突出特征是对官员实行问责制度。[82]
2.研究方法
在研究方法上，本书主要是以安多基德斯的演说词为基本文本，参照修昔底德、色诺芬、狄奥多鲁斯、普鲁塔克等古典作家的记述，在考辨史料真伪的基础上，对安多基德斯在该期的主要活动和与其相关的主要政治事件进行考证整理。
与此同时，将安多基德斯置于雅典城邦政治这一宏大背景中，借助格洛特、西格内特、罗兹、戴维斯、奥斯特瓦尔德等近现代学者的相关论述，以安多基德斯为主线，对当时雅典城邦政治运作的基本情况以及公民个人命运关系等问题进行讨论。最后，以安多基德斯的个人政治命运为案例，透视民主政治下贵族的处境及其与民主政治的关系，进而揭示该时期雅典民主政治的特点。
[1]C.Hignett,A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1952,p.Ⅴ.
[2]C.Hignett,A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century,pp.41,3.
[3]参阅晏绍祥《古典历史研究史》下卷，北京大学出版社2013年版，第46—47页。
[4]A.H.M.Jones,Athenian Democracy,Basil Blackwell,1957,p.3.
[5]Peter J.Rhodes,“Athenian Democracy after 403 B.C.”,The Classi cal Journal，Vol.75,No.4（Apr.-May,1980）,pp.305-323;“The Polis and the Alternatives”,in D.M.Lewis,John Boardman,Simon Hornblower,M.Ostwald,eds.,The Cambridge Ancient History，Vol.Ⅵ,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1994,pp.565-572; P.J.Rhodes,eds.,A-thenian Democracy,Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,2004,p.3.
[6]Martin Ostwald,From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of the Law,Berkeley:Univer-sity of California Press,1986; Raphael Sealey,The Athenian Republic: Democracy or the Rule of Law?,University Park,Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press,1987; Walter Eder,“Who Rules? Power and Participation in Athens and Rome”,in Anthony Molho and Kurt A.Raaflaub and Julia Emlen,eds.,City States in Classi cal Antiquity and Medieval Italy,Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press,1991.
[7]Mogens Herman Hansen,The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes,Oxford &Cambridge: Basil Blackwell Ltd,1991,pp.296-304,p.ⅹ.
[8]R.K.Sinclair,Democracy and Participation in Athens,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1988,p.84; J.Ober,Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens,New Jersey:Princeton Univer-sity Press,1989,pp.299-304; S.C.Todd,The Shape of Athenian Law,Oxford: Clarendon Press,1993,pp.299-300; D.Cohen,Law,Violence and Community in Classi cal Athens,Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press,1995,pp.34-57;Matthew R.Christ,The Litigious Atheni-an,Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1998,pp.22-23.
[9]Aristotle,The Athenian Constitution,with an English Translation by H.Rackham,Loeb Classi cal Library,Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1952,p.41.
[10]M.I.Finley,“Athenian Demagogues”,Past and Present,No.21.（Apr.,1962）,pp.3-24.
[11]Marcus N.Tod,A Selection of Greek Histori cal Inscriptions,2Vols,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1946-1948.该书在1985年合为一卷出版。
[12]Russell Meiggs,David Lewis,A Selection of Greek Histori cal Inscriptions,Oxford: The Clarendon Press,1969.
[13]Charles W.Fornara,Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
[14]PhillipHarding,From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.
[15]P.J.Rhodes and Robin Osborne,Greek Histori cal Inscriptions 404-323 B.C.,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003; Greek Histori cal Inscriptions 478-404 B.C.,Oxford: Oxford University Press,2017.
[16]Chester G.Starr,The Aristocratic Temper of Greek Civilization,Oxford: Oxford University Press,1992.
[17]Leonard Whibley,The Greek Oligarchies: Their Character and Organisation,London:Metheun & Co.,1896.
[18]PaulMacKendrick,The Athenian Aristocracy 399 to 31 B.C.,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1969,pp.6-7.
[19]John K.Davies,Athenian Propertied Families,Oxford: The Clarendon Press,1971.
[20]L.B.Carter,The Quiet Athenian,Oxford: The Clarendon Press,1986.
[21]Walter M.Ellis,Alcibiades,London and New York: Routledge,1989; Robert J.Buck,Thrasybulus and the Athenian Democracy,Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart,1998.
[22]K.J.Maidment,Minor Attic Orators,Vol.1,Loeb Classi cal Library,Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1941; Michael Edwards,Greek Orators-Ⅳ: Andocides,Warminster: Aris &Philips Ltd,1995.
[23]Antiphon &Andocides,Translated by Michael&Douglas M.MacDowell,Austin:University of Texas Press,1998.需要说明的是，在正文部分对安多基德斯演说词的引用，除有说明者外，皆使用的是该版本。
[24]DouglasMacDowell,Andokides on the Mysterie,Oxford: The Clarendon Press,1962.
[25]Edward M.Harris,“Review: M.J.Edwards Greek Oratorsⅳ.Andocides”,The Classi cal Review,Vol.48,No.1（1998）,pp.18-20.
[26]详见Edward M.Harris,“The Authenticity of Andocides' De Pace A Subversive Essay”,in Pernille Flensted-Jensen and Thomas Heine Nielsen and Lene Rubinstein,eds.,Polis&Politics:Studies in Ancient Greek History,Museum Tusculanum Press & University of Copenhagen,2000,pp.479-506.
[27]A.S.McDevitt,“Andocides 1,78 and the Decree of Patrocleides”,Herms,98.Bd.,H.4（1970）,pp.503-505.
[28]Alan L.Boegehold,“Andokides and the Decree of Patrokleides”,Historia,Bd.39,H.2（1990）,pp.149-162.
[29]Mirko Canevaro and Edward Harris,“The Document in Andocides' On The Mysteries”,The Classi cal Quarterly,New Series,Vol.62,No.1（May,2012）,pp.98-129.
[30]J.L.Marr,“Andocides' Part in the Mysteries and Hermae Affairs 415 B.C.”,The Classi cal Quarterly,Vol.21,No.2（Nov.,1971）,pp.326-338.
[31]K.J.Dover,“Diokleides and the Light of the Moon”,The Classi cal Review,Vol.15,No.3（Dec.,1965）,pp.247-250.
[32]W.D.Furley,Andocides and Herms: A Study of the Crisis in Fifth-Century Athenian Religion,London: Institute of Classi cal Studies,1996.
[33]Debra Hamel,The Mutilation of the Herms: Unpacking an Athenian Mystery,Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2012.
[34]Josephine Crawley Quinn,“Herms,Kouroi and the Politi cal Anatomy of Athens”,Greece& Rome,Vol.54,No.1（Apr.,2007）,pp.82-105.
[35]Robert W.Wallace,“Charmides,Agariste and Damon: Andocides 1.16”,The Classi cal Quarterly,2,Vol.42,No.2（1992）,pp.328-335.
[36]Cheryl Anne Cox,“Hipponicus' Trapeza: Humour in Andocides 1.130-131”,The Classi cal Quarterly,Vol.46,No.2（1996）,pp.572-575.
[37]Antony G.Keen,“A‘Confused' Passage of Philochoros（F149a）and the Peace of 292/1 B.C.”,Historia,Bd.44,H.1（1st Qtr.,1995）,pp.1-10.
[38]Anna.Missiou,“
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[39]Glenn R.Bugh,“Andocides,Aeschines,and the Three Hundred Athenian Cavalrymen”,Phoenix,Vol.36,No.4（Winter,1982）,pp.306-312.
[40]James G.Devoto,“Agesilaus,Antaicidas,and the Failed Peace of 392/1 B.C.”,Classi cal Philology,Vol.81,No.3（Jul.,1986）,pp.191-202; S.Perlman,“Athenian Democracy and the Revival of Imperialistic Expansion at the Beginning of the Fourth Century B.C.”,Classi cal Philology,Vol.63,No.4（Oct.,1968）,pp.257-267; G.L.Cawkwell,“The King's Peace”,The Classi cal Quarterly,Vol.31,No.1（1981）,pp.69-83; Barry S.Strauss,“Thrasybulus and Conon: A Rivalry in Athens in the 390s B.C.”,The American Journal of Philology,Vol.105,No.1（Spring,1984）,pp.37-48; Robin Seager,“Thrasybulus,Conon and Athenian Imperialism,396-386 B.C.”,Vol.87（1967）,pp.95-115.
[41]Wesley E.Thompson,“Andocides and Hellanicus”,Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philologi cal Association,Vol.98（1967）,pp.483-490.
[42]Wesley E.Thompson,“Andocides and the Peace of Cimon”,Phoenix,Vol.38,No.3（Autumn,1984）,pp.216-220.
[43]Jennifer Tolbert Roberts,“The Athenian Conservatives and the Impeachment Trials of the Corinthian War”,Hermes,108.Bd.,H.1（1980）,pp.100-114; Jennifer Tolbert Roberts,Accountability in Athenian Government,The University of Wisconsin Press,1982,pp.84-106.
[44]Anna Missiou,The Subversive Oratory of Andokides:Politics,Ideology and Decision-Making in Democratic Athens,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1992.
[45]W.D.Furley,“Andokides Ⅳ（‘Against Alkibiades'）: Fact or Fiction”,Hermes,117.Bd.,H.2（1989）,pp.138-156.
[46]David Gribble,Alcibiades and Athens,Oxford: The Clarendon Press,1999.
[47]David Gribble,“Rhetoric and History in（Andocides）4,against Alcibiades”,The Classi cal Quarterly,New Series,Vol.47,No.2（1997）,pp.367-391.
[48]C.Hignett,A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century B.C.,Oxford: The Clarendon Press,1952.
[49]R.K.Sinclair,Democracy and Participation in Athens,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1988.
[50]Josiah Ober,Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric,Ideology,and the Power of the People,Princeton: Princeton University Press,1989.
[51]Virgina J.Hunter,Policing Athens:Social Control in the Attic lawsuits,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1994.
[52]Simon Goldhill and Robin Osborne,Rethinking Revolutions Through Ancient Greece,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2006.
[53]Richard A.Bauman,Politi cal Trials in Ancient Greece,London and New York:Routledge,1990.
[54]A.R.W.Harrison,“Law-making at Athens at the End of the Fifth Century B.C.”,The Journal of Hellenic Studies,Vol.75（1955）,pp.26-35.
[55]Christopher J.Joyce,“The Athenian Amnesty and Scrutiny of 403”,The Classi cal Quarterly,New Series,Vol.58,No.2（Dec.,2008）,pp.507-518.
[56]Raphael Sealey,“On the Athenian Concept of Law”,The Classi cal Journal,Vol.77,No.4（Apr.-May,1982）,pp.289-302.
[57]Peter J.Rhodes,“The Athenian Code of Law,410-399 B.C.”,The Journal of Hellenic Studies,Vol.111（1991）,pp.87-100.
[58]Kevin Clinton,“The Nature of the Late Fifth-Century Revision of the Athenian Law Code”,Hesperia Supplements,Vol.19,Studies in Attic Epigraphy,History and Topography.Presented to Eugene Vanderpool（1982）,pp.27-37.
[59]Melissa Schwartzberg,“Athenian Democracy and legal Change”,American Politi cal Science Review,Vol.98,No.2（May,2004）,pp.311-325.
[60]John David Lewis,“Constitution and Fundamental Law: The Lesson of Classi cal Athens”,Social Philosophy and Policy,Vol.28,No.1（2011）,pp.25-49.
[61]W.P.Clark,“Private and Public Benefactions in Athenian Litigation”,The Classi cal Weekly,Vol.23,No.5（Nov.11,1929）,pp.33-35.
[62]蒋保：《20世纪中后期国外学者对古希腊演说研究述评》,《古代文明》2008年第4期。
[63]晏绍祥：《演说家与希腊城邦政治》,《历史研究》2006年第6期；杨巨平、王志超：《试论演说家与雅典民主政治的互动》,《世界历史》2007年第4期；蒋保：《演说与雅典民主政治》,《历史研究》2006年第6期；李尚君：《德谟斯提尼的修辞策略与雅典民众政治角色的塑造》,《历史研究》2011年第4期；李尚君：《雅典民主政治研究的新视角——德谟斯提尼的演说修辞策略与民众的政治认知》,《史林》2012年第4期。
[64]蒋保：《演说术与雅典民主政治》，博士学位论文，复旦大学，2005年；李尚君：《演说舞台上的雅典民主——德谟斯提尼的演说表演与民众的政治认知》，博士学位论文，复旦大学，2009年。李尚君的同名专著于2015年由北京大学出版社出版。
[65]Nicole Loraux,The Divided City: on Memory and Forgetting in Ancient Athens,Trans.Corinne Pachewith Jeff Fort,New York: Zone Books,2002.
[66]Andrew Wolpert,Remembering Defeat:Civil War and Civic Memory in Ancient Athens,Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press,2002.
[67]Julial L.Shear,Polis and Revolution: Responding to Oligarchy in Classi cal Athens,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2011,pp.5-6.
[68]Victoria Wohl,Law's Cosmos: Juridi cal Discourse in Athenian Forensic Oratory,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2010.
[69]Edwin Carawan,“Amnesty and Accountings for the Thirty”,The Classi cal Quarterly,New Series,Vol.56,No.1（May,2006）,pp.57-76.
[70]Edwin Carawan,“The Meaning of MÊMNÊSIKAKEIN”,The Classi cal Quarterly,New Series,Vol.62,No.2（December,2012）,pp.567-581.
[71]Edwin Carawan,The Athenian Amnesty and Reconstructing of Law,Oxford: Oxford University Press,2013.
[72]Anton-Hermann Chroust,“Treason and Patriotism in Ancient Greece”,Journal of the History of Ideas,Vol.15,No.2（Apr.,1954）,pp.280-288.
[73]Margaret Cook,“Ancient Politi cal Factions: Boeotia 404 to 395”,Transactions of the American Philologi cal Association,Vol.118（1988）,pp.57-85.
[74]Peter Krentz,The Thirty at Athens,Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press,1982.
[75]晏绍祥：《从理想到暴政——古典时代希腊人的雅典民主观》,《华东师范大学学报》2003年第6期。
[76]公元前5世纪末期一本名为《雅典政制》的政治宣传册的匿名作者，因其反对民主制、赞成寡头制而被现代作者称为“老寡头”。传统上，其文收入色诺芬作品集中，因而也被称为“伪色诺芬”。
[77]Josiah Ober,Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens,p.12.
[78]关于“kaloi k′agathoi”及其在演说词中的运用，可以参阅K.J.Dover,Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle,Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1974,pp.41-45。
[79]关于“精英”（elite）的含义及其相关指代词，可以参阅Josiah Ober,Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens,pp.11-13。
[80]Aristotle,Politics,with an English Translation by H.Rackham,Loeb Classi cal Library,Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1944,1291b14-31.
[81]M.I.Finley,“Athenian Demagogues”,pp.9-10.
[82]Jennifer Tolbert Roberts,Accountability in Athenian Government,pp.4-5.